Independent administrative authorities
- Editorial - Jacques-Henri ROBERT
- I – Portrait of institutions
- A. Birth and expansion of IAAs
- 1 - Independent administrative authorities - Michel Gentot, L.G.D.J – Clefs, 2nd edition, 1994, introduction, p. 8 to 16 (excerpts).
- 2 - The status of independent administrative authorities: harmonisation or diversification? - Jacques Chevallier, RFDA 2010 p. 896
- 3 - The future of independent administrative authorities - Jean-Louis Autin, RFDA 2010. 875
- B. Reappraisal
- 4 - Are "independent administrative authorities" legitimate? On IAAs in general and the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel in particular - Jean-Philippe Feldman, D. 2010. 2852 (excerpts)
- 5 - Banking and financial regulation and rule of law - Thierry Bonneau, Revue de Droit bancaire et financier n° 1, January 2014, repère 1
- II – Sanctioning power
- A. Content of sanctions
- 6 - Administrative sanctions and independent administrative authorities - Catherine Teitgen-Colly, Les Petites Affiches, 17 January 1990, p. 25 s. (excerpts)
- 7 - Decision of the Enforcement Committee of 4 December 2015 in respect of Euronext Paris SA and Virtu Financial Europe Ltd - Commission des sanctions
- 8 - Decision of the Enforcement Committee of 18 October 2013 in respect of Messrs Joseph Raad and Charles Rosier - Commission des sanctions
- B. Guarantees of respondents' rights
- 9 - The Conseil des marchés financiers and the Commission des opérations de bourse do not respect the principle of impartiality - Nicolas Rontchevsky
- 10 - PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY AND SANCTIONING POWER OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIES - Nicole Decoopman, in Etudes à la mémoire du Professeur Bruno Oppetit, 2010, Litec – LexisNexis, p. 147 s.
- 11 - The end of dual prosecutions for insider dealing and insider trading - Jacques-Henri Robert, note under Const. Council, Dec. 18 March 2015, no. 2014-453/454 QPC, no. 2015-462 QPC, La Semaine Juridique éd. Générale no. 13, 30 March 2015, 369.
- 12 - Le pouvoir de sanction et le contrôle du juge - Pierre Delvolvé, Les Petites Affiches no. 185 of 17 September 2001, spec. issue, La puissance publique, l'organisation et le contrôle du marché, p.18-28.
Post-war France was rebuilt under the authority of a powerful and centralised government, on the strength of its Colbertist and Jacobin tradition. In 1945, the State had industrial and commercial monopolies in rail transport, energy and radio-broadcasting and it had nationalised many companies. Economic activities which escaped its direct control were tightly regulated by legislation on contracts, prices, wages and the distribution of raw materials.
With the return to prosperity, this heavy system became unnecessary and incompatible with the spirit of the common market, based on free trade and competition. The State itself felt the need for greater flexibility, without however ceasing its intervention. The traditional administrative system needed completing for two reasons: firstly, to achieve the technical and economic expertise that State employees do not necessarily have; and secondly to make public interventions appear impartial, and thus more acceptable by citizens.
This collection of articles shows that the creation of independent administrative authorities (IAA) met these needs, but in an improvised way. Even the title of IAA is not uniformly conferred upon them and their competences, their composition, the name of their decisions and the appeals that may be brought against them follow different rules. The variety is such that there is even controversy over the number of institutions that should be considered to be IAAs.
The model was inspired by English-speaking countries, and we know how in 1934 the United States created the Securities and Exchange Commission, to exclude stock market affairs from the ordinary courts made up of lay jurors. As it is not built on systems, the law of these countries easily adapts to an infinite variety of institutions, whereas French legal science is averse to disorder. It is not therefore surprising that, as soon as the first IAAs appeared, our doctrine took an interest in them with the ambition of establishing a synthesis.
Such is the aim of this collection of articles and, according to several of their authors, this synthesis is difficult. Only one factor would appear to give it unity: the concept of régulation by virtue of which certain IAAs have the power to regulate, to supervise and to impose penalties. This combination of powers is such that the freedoms that IAAs were supposed to protect are insidiously endangered by them, more than they are by the exercise of traditional administrative power. The soft law they produce, by their involvement in individual cases, reflects this to the point that the Council of State was roused to action when it admitted that it could be challenged before it (Council of State 21 March 2016, No. 368082 and 368083n Fairvesta International GmbH and No. 390023 NC Numericable).
In doing so, the supreme administrative court recalled that the law of 24 May 1872 established it to defend the people against the arbitrary of a then unstable political authority: it is, historically, the first of the IAAs and it exercises its power to protect citizens over and against its new younger sisters.
Marie-Elodie ANCEL
- Job: Professeur à l’UPEC, Université Paris-Est Créteil
- Country: France
- Address: Université Paris-Est Créteil
Laurent AYNES
- Job: Professeur à l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
Christine BIQUET
- Job: Professeur à l’Université de Liège, Belgique
- Country: Belgique
- Address: Université de Liège, Belgique
Pascale BLOCH
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Paris 13 Nord
- Country: France
- Address: Université Paris 13 Nord
Mircea BOB
- Job: Professeur à l'Université de Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie
- Country: Roumanie
- Address: Université de Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie
Sami BOSTANJI
- Job: Professeur à la Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques de Tunis, Tunisie
- Country: Tunisie
- Address: Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques de Tunis, Tunisie
Bruno CAPRILE BIERMANN
- Job: Professeur à l'Université del Desarrollo, Chili
- Country: Chili
- Address: Université del Desarrollo, Chili
Philippe DELEBECQUE
- Job: Professeur à l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
José Angelo ESTRELLA FARIA
- Job: Secrétaire général Unidroit
- Country: Italie
- Address: Rome, Italie
Antonio GAMBARO
- Job: Professeur à l'Université de Milan, Italie
- Country: Italie
- Address: Université de Milan, Italie
Yves GAUDEMET
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
Judith GIBSON
- Job: Juge, district court, Nouvelle Galles du Sud, Australie
- Country: Australie
- Address: Nouvelle Galles du Sud, Australie
Marie GORE
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II Présidente du Cercle des Lecteurs
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
Michel GRIMALDI
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
Ichiro KITAMURA
- Job: Professeur à l'Université de Tokyo, Japon
- Country: Japon
- Address: Université de Tokyo, Japon
Elena LAUROBA
- Job: Professeur à la Faculté de droit civil de l'Université de Barcelone, Espagne
- Country: Espagne
- Address: Université de Barcelone, Espagne
Paul LE CANNU
- Job: Professeur à l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris I
Yves LEQUETTE
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
Alain LEVASSEUR
- Job: Professeur à la Louisiana State University Paul M. Hebert, Louisianne
- Country: États-Unis
- Address: Louisiana State University Paul M. Hebert, Louisianne
Philippe MALINVAUD
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
- Country: France
- Address: Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris II
Thibault MASSART
- Job: Professeur à l’Université d’Orléans
- Country: France
- Address: Université d’Orléans
Igor MEDVEDEV
- Job: Maître de conférences à l'Académie juridique de l'Etat de l'Oural, Russie
- Country: Russie
- Address: Académie juridique de l'Etat de l'Oural, Russie
Fernando MONTOYA
- Job: Professeur à la Faculté de droit de l'Université Externado de Bogota, Colombie
- Country: Colombie
- Address: Université Externado de Bogota, Colombie
Benoît MOORE
- Job: Professeur à la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
- Country: Canada
- Address: Faculté de droit de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
Ngoc Dien NGUYEN
- Job: Professeur à la Faculté d'économie et de droit de l'Université nationale du Vietnam, Hô Chi Minh Ville, Vietnam
- Country: Viétnam
- Address: Université nationale du Vietnam, Hô Chi Minh Ville, Vietnam
Rozen NOGUELLOU
- Job: Professeur à l’UPEC, Université Paris-Est Créteil
- Country: France
- Address: Université Paris-Est Créteil
Soo-Gon PARK
- Job: Professeur à l'Université de Kyung Hee
- Country: Corée du Sud
- Address: Université de Kyung Hee
Paul-Gérard POUGOUE
- Job: Professeur à l'Université de Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Country: Cameroun
- Address: Université de Yaoundé, Cameroun
Frédéric ROLIN
- Job: Professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
- Country: France
- Address: Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
Hans SCHULTE-NÖLKE
- Job: Professeur à l'Université d'Osnabrück, Allemagne
- Country: Allemagne
- Address: Université d'Osnabrück, Allemagne
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